Choice of Court Agreements Act 2016

Choice of Court Agreements
Act 2016

2020 REVISED EDITION

This revised edition incorporates all amendments up to and including 1 December 2021 and comes into operation on 31 December 2021

An Act to give effect to the Convention on Choice of Court Agreements done at The Hague on 30 June 2005 and for connected purposes.

[1 October 2016]

PART 1

PRELIMINARY

Short title

1.  This Act is the Choice of Court Agreements Act 2016.

General interpretation

2.—(1)  In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires —

“chosen court” means a court, of a Contracting State, designated in an exclusive choice of court agreement;

“Contracting State”  —

(a) means a State that is a party to the Convention; and

(b) includes, in an appropriate case —

(i) a Regional Economic Integration Organisation that is a party to the Convention; and

(ii) a member State, of a Regional Economic Integration Organisation that is a party to, and has made a declaration under Article 30(1) of, the Convention;

“Convention” means the Convention on Choice of Court Agreements done at The Hague on 30 June 2005;

“court of origin”, in relation to a foreign judgment for which recognition or enforcement is sought under this Act, means the court that has given the foreign judgment;

“foreign judgment” means a judgment given by a court of a Contracting State (other than Singapore), being —

(a) a chosen court; or

(b) a court to which a chosen court has transferred, in accordance with the law or practice relating to the allocation of jurisdiction or transfer of cases among courts in that Contracting State, the case to which the judgment relates;

“judgment” means —

(a) a final court decision (by whatever name called) on the merits, a consent order, a consent judgment or a judgment given by default; or

(b) a determination by a court of any costs or expenses relating to the court decision, consent order, consent judgment or judgment given by default;

“judicial settlement”  —

(a) means a contract approved by, or concluded before, a court of a Contracting State (other than Singapore), in the course of proceedings, being a contract —

(i) between the parties to proceedings before that court;

(ii) by which those parties end those proceedings; and

(iii) that is recorded by that court in an official document; but

(b) does not include a consent order or consent judgment;

“law of Singapore” means any written law or any rule of law that applies in Singapore;

“State of origin”  —

(a) in relation to a foreign judgment for which recognition or enforcement is sought under this Act, means the Contracting State of the court of origin of the foreign judgment; or

(b) in relation to a judicial settlement for which enforcement is sought under this Act, means the Contracting State of the court that recorded the judicial settlement.

(2)  Where the High Court is designated in an exclusive choice of court agreement, the designation is to be construed —

(a) as a designation of the General Division of the High Court; and

(b) as including the Singapore International Commercial Court, unless a contrary intention appears in the agreement.

[40/2019]

(3)  Where the General Division of the High Court is designated in an exclusive choice of court agreement, the designation is to be construed as including the Singapore International Commercial Court, unless a contrary intention appears in the agreement.

[40/2019]

(4)  Unless the context otherwise requires, where different systems of law apply in different territorial units in a Contracting State (other than a Regional Economic Integration Organisation) —

(a) any reference to the law or procedure of that Contracting State is to be construed as a reference, where appropriate, to the law or procedure in force in the relevant territorial unit of that Contracting State;

(b) any reference to residence in that Contracting State is to be construed as a reference, where appropriate, to residence in the relevant territorial unit of that Contracting State;

(c) any reference to the court or courts of that Contracting State is to be construed as a reference, where appropriate, to the court or courts in the relevant territorial unit of that Contracting State; and

(d) any reference to a connection with that Contracting State is to be construed as a reference, where appropriate, to a connection with the relevant territorial unit of that Contracting State.

Meaning of “exclusive choice of court agreement”

3.—(1)  An exclusive choice of court agreement is an agreement between 2 or more parties that —

(a) is concluded or documented —

(i) in writing; or

(ii) by any other means of communication that renders the information communicated accessible so as to be usable for subsequent reference; and

(b) designates, for the purpose of deciding any dispute that arises or may arise in connection with a particular legal relationship, the courts, or one or more specific courts, of one Contracting State to the exclusion of the jurisdiction of any other court.

(2)  A choice of court agreement between 2 or more parties that satisfies the following requirements is deemed to be an exclusive choice of court agreement, unless the parties to the agreement expressly provide otherwise:

(a) the agreement is concluded or documented —

(i) in writing; or

(ii) by any other means of communication that renders the information communicated accessible so as to be usable for subsequent reference;

(b) the agreement designates, for the purpose of deciding any dispute that arises or may arise in connection with a particular legal relationship, the courts, or one or more specific courts, of one Contracting State.

Meaning of “international case”

4.—(1)  For the purposes of Part 2, a case is an international case unless —

(a) the parties to the case reside in the same Contracting State; and

(b) the relationship of the parties and all other elements relevant to the dispute (other than the location of the chosen court) are connected only with that Contracting State.

(2)  For the purposes of Part 3, a case is an international case if the claim is for —

(a) the recognition, or recognition and enforcement, of a foreign judgment; or

(b) the enforcement of a judicial settlement recorded before a court of a Contracting State (other than Singapore).

Exclusive choice of court agreement as independent agreement

5.  Where an exclusive choice of court agreement forms part of a contract —

(a) the agreement is to be treated as independent of the other terms of the contract; and

(b) the validity of the agreement cannot be challenged solely on the ground that the contract is not valid.

Residence of person other than individual

6.  For the purposes of this Act, a person (other than an individual) is resident in a State if —

(a) the person has its statutory seat in that State;

(b) the person was incorporated or formed under the law of that State;

(c) the person has its central administration in that State; or

(d) the person has its principal place of business in that State.

Act binds Government

7.  This Act binds the Government.

Application of Act

8.  Subject to sections 9, 10 and 22, this Act applies in every international case where there is an exclusive choice of court agreement concluded in a civil or commercial matter.

Certain matters excluded from Act

9.—(1)  This Act does not apply to an exclusive choice of court agreement if —

(a) any party to the agreement is an individual who acts primarily in the capacity of a consumer; or

(b) the agreement relates to a contract of employment or a collective agreement.

(2)  This Act does not apply to any of the following matters:

(a) the status and legal capacity of an individual;

(b) any matter relating to family law, including —

(i) the rights or obligations arising out of a marriage or a similar relationship;

(ii) divorce or the annulment or dissolution of a marriage;

(iii) maintenance;

(iv) matrimonial property; and

(v) the custody of children;

(c) any matter relating to succession, including wills, intestate succession, the provision of maintenance for a spouse or child of a deceased individual out of the deceased individual’s estate, the administration of estates and other probate matters;

(d) bankruptcy, insolvency, composition or any analogous matter;

(e) the carriage of passengers and goods;

(f) any matter relating to any of the following:

(i) marine pollution;

(ii) limitation of liability for a maritime claim;

(iii) general average;

(iv) emergency towage and salvage;

(g) any matter relating to competition or anti‑trust law;

(h) liability for nuclear damage;

(i) any claim for personal injury or death brought by or on behalf of an individual;

(j) any tort or delict claim, for damage to any movable or immovable tangible property, that does not arise from a contractual relationship;

(k) any right in rem in any immovable property or any tenancy of immovable property;

(l) the validity, nullity or dissolution of any legal person, or the validity of a decision of the management of the legal person;

(m) the validity of any intellectual property right (other than copyright and related rights);

(n) the infringement of any intellectual property right (other than copyright and related rights) except any infringement proceedings that are or could have been brought for breach of a contract between the parties relating to that intellectual property right;

(o) the validity of an entry in a public register.

(3)  This Act does not apply to an arbitration or any proceeding related to an arbitration.

(4)  The Minister may by regulations made under section 22 —

(a) exclude from the application of this Act —

(i) any specific matter; or

(ii) any specific matter in relation to any Contracting State; or

(b) modify the application of this Act or any provision of this Act to —

(i) any specific matter; or

(ii) any specific matter in relation to any Contracting State.

(5)  Despite subsections (2) and (4)(a), the raising in any court proceedings of a matter mentioned in subsection (2) or (4)(a) as a preliminary question or defence, and not as an object of the proceedings, does not prevent this Act from applying to those proceedings.

(6)  A proceeding under a contract of insurance or reinsurance is not excluded from the application of this Act by reason only that the contract relates to a matter to which this Act does not apply.

(7)  A proceeding is not excluded from the application of this Act by reason only that a State (including a government, a government agency or any person acting for a State) is a party to the proceeding.

(8)  This Act does not affect the privileges and immunities of a State or an international organisation, in respect of the State or international organisation and of its property.

Act does not apply to interim measures of protection

10.—(1)  This Act does not apply to any interim measure of protection.

(2)  To avoid doubt —

(a) this Act does not prevent a party from applying to a Singapore court for an interim measure of protection in any case or proceeding involving an exclusive choice of court agreement; and

(b) this Act does not prevent a Singapore court from granting, in any such case or proceeding, any interim measure of protection under the law of Singapore.

PART 2

JURISDICTION

Jurisdiction of Singapore chosen court

11.—(1)  A Singapore court, designated in an exclusive choice of court agreement for the purposes of deciding a dispute, has jurisdiction to decide the dispute, unless the agreement is null and void under the law of Singapore.

(2)  A Singapore court that has jurisdiction under subsection (1) cannot decline to exercise jurisdiction on the ground that the dispute should be decided in a court of another State.

(3)  Despite subsections (1) and (2), a Singapore court may decline to exercise jurisdiction in any other circumstances that the Minister may prescribe by regulations made under section 22.

(4)  Subsections (1) and (2) do not affect any written law that —

(a) restricts the subject matter or value of a claim that a Singapore court has jurisdiction to decide; or

(b) allocates jurisdiction to different courts in Singapore.

(5)  Where a chosen court in Singapore has a discretion whether to transfer to another Singapore court a case to which an exclusive choice of court agreement applies, the chosen court must, before exercising that discretion, take into account the parties’ choice of court.

Where Singapore court is not chosen court

12.—(1)  Despite any other written law or rule of law, if an exclusive choice of court agreement does not designate any Singapore court as a chosen court, a Singapore court must stay or dismiss any case or proceeding to which the agreement applies, unless the Singapore court determines that —

(a) the agreement is null and void under the law of the State of the chosen court;

(b) a party to the agreement lacked the capacity, under the law of Singapore, to enter into or conclude the agreement;

(c) giving effect to the agreement would lead to a manifest injustice or would be manifestly contrary to the public policy of Singapore;

(d) the agreement cannot reasonably be performed for exceptional reasons beyond the control of the parties to the agreement; or

(e) the chosen court has decided not to hear the case or proceeding.

(2)  This section does not affect the ability of a Singapore court to stay or dismiss the case or proceeding on other grounds.

PART 3

RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT OF FOREIGN JUDGMENTS AND ENFORCEMENT OF JUDICIAL SETTLEMENTS

Recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments

13.—(1)  An application may be made to the General Division of the High Court for a foreign judgment to be recognised, or to be recognised and enforced, in the same manner and to the same extent as a judgment issued by the General Division of the High Court.

[40/2019]

(2)  A foreign judgment —

(a) is to be recognised only if the judgment has effect in the State of origin; and

(b) is to be enforced only if the judgment is enforceable in the State of origin.

(3)  In determining whether to recognise or enforce a foreign judgment, the General Division of the High Court —

(a) must not review the merits of the foreign judgment, except to the extent necessary to apply the provisions of this Part; and

(b) is bound by any findings of fact on which the court of origin assumed jurisdiction, unless the foreign judgment was given by default.

[40/2019]

(4)  Where a foreign judgment satisfies the requirements for recognition, or for recognition and enforcement, under this Part, the General Division of the High Court must recognise, or recognise and enforce, as the case may be, the foreign judgment, except in the circumstances provided under this Part for the refusal of recognition or enforcement.

[40/2019]

Grounds on which General Division of High Court must refuse to recognise or enforce foreign judgment

14.  The General Division of the High Court must refuse to recognise or enforce a foreign judgment, or must set aside an order (made pursuant to an application under section 13(1)) that recognises or enforces a foreign judgment, in any of the following circumstances, or in any other circumstances that the Minister may prescribe by regulations made under section 22:

(a) the defendant in the proceedings in which the foreign judgment was obtained was not notified of the document by which the proceedings were instituted or an equivalent document, including the essential elements of the claim, in sufficient time to enable the defendant to defend the proceedings, unless —

(i) the law of the State of origin allows the notification to be challenged; and

(ii) the defendant had entered an appearance and presented the defendant’s case without challenging the notification in the court of origin;

(b) the foreign judgment was obtained by fraud in connection with a matter of procedure;

(c) the recognition or enforcement of the foreign judgment would be manifestly incompatible with the public policy of Singapore, including circumstances where specific proceedings leading to the judgment would be incompatible with fundamental principles of procedural fairness in Singapore.

[40/2019]

Grounds on which General Division of High Court may refuse to recognise or enforce foreign judgment

15.—(1)  The General Division of the High Court may refuse to recognise or enforce a foreign judgment, or may set aside an order (made pursuant to an application under section 13(1)) that recognises or enforces a foreign judgment, in any of the following circumstances:

(a) the exclusive choice of court agreement applicable to the dispute in relation to which the foreign judgment was obtained is null and void under the law of the State of the chosen court, unless the chosen court has determined that the agreement is valid;

(b) a party to the exclusive choice of court agreement applicable to the dispute in relation to which the foreign judgment was obtained lacked the capacity, under the law of Singapore, to enter into or conclude the agreement;

(c) the defendant in the proceedings in which the foreign judgment was obtained was notified of the document by which the proceedings were instituted or an equivalent document, including the essential elements of the claim, in a manner incompatible with the fundamental principles in Singapore concerning the service of documents;

(d) the foreign judgment is inconsistent with a judgment given by a Singapore court in a dispute between the same parties;

(e) the foreign judgment is inconsistent with an earlier judgment given in another State between the same parties on the same cause of action, and the earlier judgment satisfies the conditions necessary for recognition in Singapore under the law of Singapore;

(f) any other circumstances that the Minister may prescribe by regulations made under section 22.

[40/2019]

(2)  The General Division of the High Court may refuse to recognise or enforce a foreign judgment, may set aside an order (made pursuant to an application under section 13(1)) that recognises or enforces a foreign judgment, or may postpone the recognition or enforcement of a foreign judgment, if —

(a) the foreign judgment is being reviewed or appealed against in the State of origin; or

(b) the time for applying for a review of or for appealing against the foreign judgment in the State of origin has not expired.

[40/2019]

(3)  A refusal to recognise or enforce a foreign judgment, the setting aside of an order (made pursuant to an application under section 13(1)) that recognises or enforces a foreign judgment, or a postponement of the recognition or enforcement of a foreign judgment, under subsection (2), does not preclude a subsequent application for the recognition, or recognition and enforcement, of that foreign judgment when —

(a) the review or appeal mentioned in subsection (2)(a) has been disposed of; or

(b) the time for applying for a review of or for appealing against the foreign judgment mentioned in subsection (2)(b) has expired.

(4)  Where —

(a) an exclusive choice of court agreement applies to a case;

(b) a chosen court designated in that agreement has discretion whether to transfer the case to another court in the same Contracting State, and transfers the case to the other court; and

(c) the other court issues a foreign judgment against a party to the case who objected in a timely manner to the transfer,

the General Division of the High Court may refuse to recognise or enforce that foreign judgment against that party, or may set aside an order (made pursuant to an application under section 13(1)) that recognises or enforces that foreign judgment against that party.

[40/2019]

Refusal of recognition or enforcement of foreign judgment awarding non-compensatory damages

16.—(1)  The General Division of the High Court may refuse to recognise or enforce a foreign judgment, or may set aside an order (made pursuant to an application under section 13(1)) that recognises or enforces a foreign judgment, if, and to the extent that, the foreign judgment awards damages (including exemplary or punitive damages) in excess of compensation for the actual loss or harm suffered by the party awarded the damages.

[40/2019]

(2)  In making its decision under subsection (1), the General Division of the High Court must take into account whether, and the extent to which, the damages awarded by the court of origin serve to cover costs and expenses relating to the proceedings in which the foreign judgment was obtained.

[40/2019]

Recognition and enforcement of ruling on preliminary question, etc.

17.—(1)  If any excluded section 9(2) matter or excluded section 9(4)(a) matter arises as a preliminary question in any proceedings resulting in a foreign judgment, the General Division of the High Court must not recognise or enforce under this Act, or must set aside an order (made pursuant to an application under section 13(1)) that purports to recognise or enforce, the ruling on that question.

[40/2019]

(2)  Subject to subsection (3), if any excluded section 9(2) matter arises as a preliminary question in any proceedings resulting in a foreign judgment, the General Division of the High Court may refuse to recognise or enforce the foreign judgment, or may set aside an order (made pursuant to an application under section 13(1)) that recognises or enforces the foreign judgment, to the extent that the foreign judgment was based on a ruling on that question.

[40/2019]

(3)  However, where the ruling mentioned in subsection (2) is on the validity of an intellectual property right (other than copyright or a related right), the General Division of the High Court may refuse to recognise or enforce the foreign judgment based on that ruling, may set aside an order (made pursuant to an application under section 13(1)) that recognises or enforces the foreign judgment based on that ruling, or may postpone the recognition or enforcement of the foreign judgment based on that ruling, only if —

(a) that ruling is inconsistent with a judgment or decision of a competent authority on that matter given in the State under the law of which the intellectual property right arose; or

(b) proceedings concerning the validity of the intellectual property right are pending in that State.

[40/2019]

(4)  If any excluded section 9(4)(a) matter arises as a preliminary question in any proceedings resulting in a foreign judgment, the General Division of the High Court may refuse to recognise or enforce the foreign judgment, or may set aside an order (made pursuant to an application under section 13(1)) that recognises or enforces the foreign judgment, to the extent that the foreign judgment was based on a ruling on that question.

[40/2019]

(5)  To avoid doubt, subsection (3) does not affect the powers of the General Division of the High Court under subsection (4) and sections 14, 15 and 16 to refuse to recognise or enforce, or to set aside an order (made pursuant to an application under section 13(1)) that recognises or enforces, a foreign judgment mentioned in subsection (3).

[40/2019]

(6)  In this section —

“excluded section 9(2) matter” means any matter mentioned in section 9(2) to which this Act does not apply;

“excluded section 9(4)(a) matter” means any matter mentioned in section 9(4)(a) to which this Act does not apply.

Foreign judgment based on contract of insurance or reinsurance

18.  The General Division of the High Court may not limit or refuse the recognition or enforcement of a foreign judgment in respect of liability under the terms of a contract of insurance or reinsurance on the ground that the liability under the contract includes liability to indemnify the insured or reinsured in respect of —

(a) a matter to which this Act does not apply; or

(b) an award of damages to which section 16 may apply.

[40/2019]

Recognition and enforcement of severable part of foreign judgment

19.  Subject to sections 13 to 17, the General Division of the High Court must recognise, or recognise and enforce, a severable part of a foreign judgment if —

(a) an application is made for the recognition, or recognition and enforcement, as the case may be, of that part; or

(b) only that part is capable of being recognised, or recognised and enforced, as the case may be, under this Act.

[40/2019]

Judicial settlements

20.—(1)  An application may be made to the General Division of the High Court for a judicial settlement to be enforced in the same manner and to the same extent as a judgment issued by the General Division of the High Court.

[40/2019]

(2)  The General Division of the High Court must enforce a judicial settlement only if —

(a) the judicial settlement —

(i) was approved by a chosen court designated in an exclusive choice of court agreement between the parties to the settlement; or

(ii) was concluded before the chosen court mentioned in sub‑paragraph (i) in the course of proceedings before that court; and

(b) the judicial settlement is enforceable in the same manner and to the same extent as a judgment in the State of origin.

[40/2019]

(3)  The General Division of the High Court must refuse to enforce a judicial settlement, or must set aside an order (made pursuant to an application under subsection (1)) that enforces a judicial settlement, in any circumstance in which a foreign judgment must be refused recognition or enforcement under this Part.

[40/2019]

(4)  The General Division of the High Court may refuse to enforce a judicial settlement, or may set aside an order (made pursuant to an application under subsection (1)) that enforces a judicial settlement, in any circumstance in which a foreign judgment may be refused recognition or enforcement under this Part.

[40/2019]

PART 4

MISCELLANEOUS

Act not exclusive

21.  To avoid doubt, this Act does not affect any of the following matters:

(a) the enforcement, under any other written law or rule of law, of a choice of court agreement to which this Act does not apply;

(b) the recognition and enforcement, under any other written law or rule of law, of a judgment to which this Act does not apply;

(c) the enforcement, under any other written law or rule of law, of a judicial settlement to which this Act does not apply.

Regulations

22.—(1)  The Minister may make regulations for carrying out the purposes and provisions of this Act and for any matter that is required under this Act to be prescribed.

(2)  Without limiting subsection (1), the regulations may provide for the recognition and enforcement by the General Division of the High Court of a judgment given by, and for the enforcement by the General Division of the High Court of a judicial settlement approved by or concluded before, a court of a Contracting State (other than Singapore) designated in a choice of court agreement (not being an exclusive choice of court agreement), including —

(a) the requirements for the recognition and enforcement of such a judgment, or for the enforcement of such a judicial settlement;

(b) the circumstances in which the General Division of the High Court must recognise and enforce such a judgment, or enforce such a judicial settlement; and

(c) the application of any provision of this Act, with such modifications as may be prescribed, to or in relation to the recognition and enforcement of such a judgment, or the enforcement of such a judicial settlement.

[40/2019]

(3)  The powers conferred by this section do not extend to any matter for which the Rules of Court or Family Justice Rules mentioned in section 23 may be made.

Rules of Court and Family Justice Rules

23.—(1)  The Rules Committee constituted under section 80(3) of the Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1969 may make Rules of Court regulating the practice and procedure in the General and Appellate Divisions of the High Court, the Court of Appeal and the State Courts in relation to any matter under this Act.

[40/2019]

(2)  The Family Justice Rules Committee constituted under section 46(1) of the Family Justice Act 2014 may make Family Justice Rules regulating the practice and procedure in the Family Justice Courts in relation to any matter under this Act.

(3)  All Rules of Court mentioned in subsection (1), and all Family Justice Rules mentioned in subsection (2), are to be presented to Parliament as soon as possible after publication in the Gazette.

Saving and transitional provisions

24.—(1)  This Act does not apply to an exclusive choice of court agreement that designates a Singapore court as a chosen court, if the agreement is concluded before 1 October 2016.

(2)  This Act does not apply to an exclusive choice of court agreement that designates a court of another Contracting State as a chosen court, if the agreement is concluded before the Convention enters into force in that Contracting State.

(3)  This Act does not apply to any case instituted in a Singapore court before 1 October 2016, or any application made (whether before, on or after 1 October 2016) in any such case.

LEGISLATIVE HISTORY

Choice of Court Agreements Act 2016

 

This Legislative History is a service provided by the Law Revision Commission on a best-efforts basis. It is not part of the Act.
1.	Act 14 of 2016—Choice of Court Agreements Act 2016
	Bill	:	14/2016
	First Reading	:	4 April 2016
	Second and Third Readings	:	14 April 2016
	Commencement	:	1 October 2016
2.	2017 Revised Edition—Choice of Court Agreements Act (Chapter 39A)
	Operation	:	30 November 2017
3.	Act 40 of 2019—Supreme Court of Judicature (Amendment) Act 2019
	(Amendments made by section 28(1) read with item 20 of the Schedule to the above Act)
	Bill	:	32/2019
	First Reading	:	7 October 2019
	Second Reading	:	5 November 2019
	Notice of Amendments	:	5 November 2019
	Third Reading	:	5 November 2019
	Commencement	:	2 January 2021 (section 28(1) read with item 20 of the Schedule)
4.	2020 Revised Edition—Choice of Court Agreements Act 2016
	Operation	:	31 December 2021

Abbreviations

	(updated on 29 August 2022)
G.N.	Gazette Notification
G.N. Sp.	Gazette Notification (Special Supplement)
L.A.	Legislative Assembly
L.N.	Legal Notification (Federal/Malaysian)
M.	Malaya/Malaysia (including Federated Malay States, Malayan Union, Federation of Malaya and Federation of Malaysia)
Parl.	Parliament
S	Subsidiary Legislation
S.I.	Statutory Instrument (United Kingdom)
S (N.S.)	Subsidiary Legislation (New Series)
S.S.G.G.	Straits Settlements Government Gazette
S.S.G.G. (E)	Straits Settlements Government Gazette (Extraordinary)

COMPARATIVE TABLE

Choice of Court Agreements Act 2016

This Act has undergone renumbering in the 2020 Revised Edition. This Comparative Table is provided to help readers locate the corresponding provisions in the last Revised Edition.

2020 Ed.	Act 14 of 2016
2—(3)	2—(2A)
(4)	(3)
[Omitted as spent]	24—(4)